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² jput mKf;f njhFjpapd; gpujhd $Wfs; - gpujhd cUis (Master cylinder) - jLg;G Foha; (Brake Liner) - jLg;Gg; ghjq;fs; (Brake Shous) -, Otpir tpw;fs; (tension sprin) - rpy;Y cUisfs; (wheel cylinder) ² njhopw;ghL ² guhkupg;G Kiw ² jLg;G rPu; nra;jy; (Brake adjusting) 2.11 Nkhl;lhu; ² tYj; Jiz (Power Assisted) ² etPd Nkhl;lhup thfdq;fspy; gad;gLk; 02 thfdq;fspy; jLg;Gj; njhFjpfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis ² thA mKf;fk; (Air Pressure) gad;gLk; tpNrl tptupg;ghu;. ² A.B.S. (Anti Locking Brake system) jLg;G Kiwfis EZfp Nehf;Fthu;. ² njhlf;Fk; Nkhl;lhupd; njhopw;ghl;il ² capu;g;G+l;ly; myF 04 2.12 Nkhl;lhu; tptupg;ghu;. ² njhlf;Fk; Nkhl;lhu; (Starter thfdj;jpd; motor) ² kpd;Ndw;wy; njhFjpapd; njhopw;ghl;il capu;g;G+l;Lk; ² tupr;RUs;tif xd;W (Solenoid) tptupg;ghu;. kw;Wk; kpd;Vw;wy; ² njhlf;f Nkhl;lhupd; gpujhd ² Nkhl;lhu; thfdk; xd;wpd; njhlf;Fk; njhFjp (charging gFjpfs; Nkhl; l hupd; > vspikahd tOf; f is system) fspd; ² njhlf;f Nkhl;lhupd; njhopw;ghL jpUj;Jthu;. njhopw;ghl;il ² kpd;Ndw;wy; njhFjp ² Nkhl;lhu; thfdj;jpd; Mlyhf;fpapd; vspa EZfp Nehf;Fthu;. - Mlyhf;fp tOf;fisj; jpUj;Jthu;. - Nthy;w;wsT xOq;fhf;fp - gpujhd gFjpfs; - njhopw;ghL - vspa tOf;fs; 9 04 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs; 2.13 Nkhl;lhu; thfd ² gw;wup ² Nkhl; l hu; thfdj; j pd; kpd; Rw; w pd; 04 kpd; tpsf;Fj; ² kpd; tpsf;Fj; njhFjp cs;sfr; Rw;Wf; Fwpg;ig tiuthu;. njhFjpapd; vspa ² jiyik tpsf;Ffs; ² Nkhl; l hu; thfdj; j pd; kpd; Rw; W j; FiwghLfisj; ² gf;f tpsf;Ffs; njhFjpapd; vspa tOf;fisj; jpUj;Jthu;. ² rkpf;iQ tpsf;Ffs; jpUj;Jthu;. ² jLg;G tpsf;Ffs; ² Nkhl;lhu; thfdj;jpw;F Gjpjhf Cjpj; njhFjp xd;iw mikg;ghu;. ² Gw khwy; tpsf;Ffs; (Reverse lamp) ² cl;gFjp tpsf;Ffs; ² cgfuzg; gyif tpsf;Ffs; (Instrument Panel lamp) ² fl;Lg;gLj;jp ² mQ;ryp (Relay) ² Cjpj; (Horn) njhFjp ² gpujhd gFjpfSf;F, ilapyhd njhlu;G ² vd; pd; xd; i w mikf; F k; NghJ 04 2.14 Nkhl;lhu; ² cWjpj; jd;ik rkepiyg;gLj;j Ntz;ba, lq;fis thfdj;jpd; ², af;ftpay; Dynamic tpsf;Fthu;. cWjpj; jd;ikg; ² epiyapay; Static ² Nkhl; l hu; thfdk; xd; w pd; cWjpj; NgZk; tpjj;ijj; jd; i kia tpUj; j p nra; t jw; f hd ² vd; pd; Njbawpthu;. Kiwfisg; guPl;rpg;ghu;. ² gwg;Gr; rpy;Y Fly wheel ² njhq; f y; njhFjpapd; tOf; f isj; ² nrYj;jy; njhFjp steering system jpUj;Jthu;. ² nrYj;jp ² nrYj;jp fpau; ngl;b ² nrYj;jp (Rf;fhdk;) Nfj;jpu fzpjk; 10 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs; - xU ikak; - cs;sf; tisT kw;Wk; ntspaf tisT (TOE in / out) - Fzq;F Mzpr; rha;T (King pin inclination) - rha;Tf; Nfhzk; (Camber angle) - gpdgw;wy; Nfhzk; (Caster Angle) ; - Fz;L %l;L (Ball joint) ² njhq;fw; njhFjp (suspension system) - tpy; - mjpu;T cwpQ;rp (Shock absorbers) = - rpy;Yfs; - nghjpif - thA mKf;fk; 2.15 Nkhl;lhu; ² tspj; jpiu (Windscreen) ² Nkhl;lhu; thfdq;fspd; ghJfhg;ig 04 thfdnkhd;wpd; ² clw; gFjp (Body) cWjpg;gLj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ghJfhg;ig ² ghJfhg;G Mrd thu; (Seat belt) tptupg;ghu;. cWjpg;gLj;Jk; ² kpd; tpsf;Ffs; nghwpKiwiaj; ² mtruf; fjT (Emergency exit) Njbawpthu;. ² jPg; ghJfhg;G cj;jpufs; ² G+l;bL Kiwfs; (Locking system) ² thA gY}d;fs; (Air bag) ² thAj; jLg;Gj; njhFjp (A.B.S.) 11 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs; 2.16 Nkhl;lhu; ² nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;jy; ² etPd Nkhl;lhu; thfdq;fspd; thfdq;fspy; - rpwg;G kpd;Ndw;wp Super Charger nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;jy; El;gKiwia gad;gLj;jg;gLk; - #oy; kpd;Ndw;wp Turbo Charger tpsf;Fthu;. tpNrlkhd ² fhyp fl;Lg;gLj;jp (MSif) ² thA ntspNaw;wk; njhFjpfspD}lhf cj;jpfisj; (Emitter Controler) Njbaha;thu;. - mfj; J}z;ly; khw;wk; - thAr; Rw;Nwhl;lk; (E.G.R.) 12 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs; 03 03 ehshe;j 3.1 kpd; Rw;nwhd;Wf;Fj; ² cyu; kpd; f yk; > Msp> kpd; ² kpd; Rw; W f; f spy; fl; l hakhf, Uf; f 04 NtiyfSf;fhf Njitahd mbg; - tpsf;Ffs; vd;gtw;wpy; Ntz; b a NeNuhl; l f; fl; L g; g Lj; j y; kpd;tYitg; gilf; $Wfis Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ngWkhdq;fs; El; g Kiwfs; > gag; G El; g Kiwfs; gad;gLj;Jthu;, dq;fz;L mtw;wpd; ² jilapfspd; ngsjpf, ay;Gfs; rpytw;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ngWkhdq ; f i s ² nfhs;sstp> J}z;bfs; vd;gtw;wpd; ngWkhdq; f is thrpj; J mj; J izf; thrpg;ghu;. $Wfis NtWgLj;Jthu;. Mf;fk; ² kpd; Rw;Wf;fspy; gad;gLfpd;w ² epwg; gupghilfs;> Vida vz; Jizf;$Wfshd jilap> nfhs;sstp gupghilfs; kw;Wk; J}z;b vd;gtw;iw, dq;fz;L mtw;wpd; ngWkhdq;fis thrpg;ghu;. 3.2 NeNuhl; l kw; W k; ² NeNuhl;l Nthy;w;wsT ² njhlupizg; G j; jilr; Rw; W xd; w py; 06 MlNyhl;l kpd; ² Neu; kpd;Ndhl;lk; xt; n thU jilfSf; F k; FWf; N fahd toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ² NeNuhl;lr; Rw;W xd;wpy; Nthy;w;wsTfis msg;ghu;. njhlupizg;Gr; N t h y ; w ; w s T f ; F k ; ² njhlupizg; G j; jilr; Rw; W xd; w py; Rw;Wf;fspd; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fk;, ilNaahd xt; n thU jilfSf; F k; FWf; N fahd ; Nthy;wwsTfisAk; njhlu;G Nthy;w;wsTfisf; fzpg;gpLthu;. kpd;Ndhl;l msT- ² jilfs; njhluhf, izf;fg;gl;l Rw;W ² MlNyhl;l Nthy;w;wsT fisAk; mstpLthu;. ; xd;wpd; Nthy;wwsit msg;gjD}lhf tO ² MlNyhl;l kpd;Ndhl;lk; cs;s jilia, dq; fhz;ghu;. ² jilfspd; rkhe;ju, izg;G ² jilfspd; rkhe; j u, izg; G Rw; W 04 3.3 NeNuhl; l kw; W k; ² rkhdj; jil xd;Wf;F NeNuhl;l kpd; toq;fy; xd;iw MlNyhl;l kpd; ² njhFjpapD}lhfg; ghAk; nkhj;j, izj;J xt;nthU jilf;Ff; FWf;NfAk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ghAk; kpd; N dhl; l j; i jg; gy; k hdpiag; kpd;Ndhl;lk; rkhe;ju, izg;Gr; gad;gLj;jp mstpLthu;. Rw;Wf;fspd; ² xt;nthU $WfSf;F ClhfTk; gha;fpd;w kpd;Ndhl;lk; ² rkhe;ju jilr; Rw;W xd;wpd; xt;nthU ; Nthy;wwsTfisAk;> jilf;Ff; FWf;NfAk; gha;fpd;w kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijAk; ² Nthy;w;wsT kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf; fzpg;gpLthu;. mstpLthu;. ² rkhe;ju jilr; Rw;nwhd;wpd; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij mstpLtjdhy; tO cs;s jilia njupT nra;thu;. 13 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs; 3.4 t P l ; L k p d ; R w ; W ² gpd; t Uk; Jizf; $WfspdJk; ² tPlL kpd;Rw;Wf;fspy; gad;gLfpd;w Jizf; ; 08 tupg;glj;jpw;F Vw;g cgfuzq; f spdJk; gad; g hLk; $Wfis, dq;fz;L ngaupLthu;. \ cupa Jizf; njhopw;ghLk; ² kpd; fk; g pfspdhy; Rw; w ikf; F k; NghJ $Wfisj; njupT - kpFjp kpd; Rw;Wikg;ghd; (RCCB) gad;gLj;Jfpd;w Jizf; $Wfspd; epakf; nra;thu;. - Ez; Rw;Wilg;ghd; (MCB) FwpaPLfis, dq;fz;L tiue;J fhl;Lthu;. - Ms; tiffs; ² kpd; fk;gpfis cs;slf;fpa Rw;W - mkpo;j;jw; ngl;bAk; nfhz;bAl; tupg;glq;fisr; rupahf thrpg;ghu;. FohAk; ² kpd; f k; g p epiyg; g Lj; j pa Rw; W xd; w py; - kpd; fk;gp tiffs; ghJfhg;Gj; Jizf; $W kw;Wk; - kpd; tpsf;Ff; ft;tp fl; L g; g Lj; j y; Jizf; $ W vd; g tw; i w - ghTifg; G+ NtWgpupj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;. - tpsf;F ² Efu;Nthupd; Njitf;F mika tPlikg;Gj; - Gtpj; njhLg;Gf; flj;jp jpl;lg;glk; xd;wpw;fhd kpd; Rw;W tupg;glj;ij tiuthu;. - Fiwr; nrUfp ² Ntwhf;fp RCCB, MCB vd;gtw;Wld;> kpd; ² epakf; FwpaPLfs; tpsf;F xd;iwAk; Fiwr; nrUfp ² tPl;L kpd;Rw;wikf;f cgNahfpf;Fk; xd;Wf;Fkhd kpd; fk;gp epiyg;gLj;jy; Rw;iw Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l fUtpfs;. kw;Wk; mikg;ghu;. mtw;wpd; gad;ghLk; Gtpj;njhLg;Gr; nra;jYk; ghJfhg;Gk; ² kpd; nghwpKiw>, yj;jpudpay; xg;Gsp kw;Wk; 06 3.5 gy;khdp tiffis ² epiyapaw; fhe;j mirAk; RUs;, yf;fg; gy;khdp vd;gtw;iw NtWgLj;jpg;, dq; f z; L mtw; - cgfuzk; (PMMC) gad;gLj;Jthu;. iwg; gad; g Lj; j p ² mstpLk; cgfuzq;fspd; czu; ² jug; g l; l jilfspd; ngWkhdq; f isg; ; gy;NtW tPrRf;fspd; jpwd; gy;NtW \Xk;" tPr;Rf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp msTfisg; ngw;Wf; ² kpd; nghwpKiw>, yj;jpudpay; xg;Gsp gy;khdpapdhy; mstpLthu;. nfhs;thu;. kw;Wk;, yf;fg; gy;khdp ² gy;NtW njhlu;, izg;Gj; jilj; njhFjpfSf;Ff; FWf;Nf mOj;j NtWghl;L tPo;r;rpiag; gy;NtW gy;khdpfisg; gad;gLj;jp msg;ghu;. 14 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs; 3.6 miyTf ; f h l ; b ² miyTf; fhl;bapd; njhopw;ghL ² cs;sf rkpf;iQiag; gad;gLj;jp miyTf; 06 xd;wpd; % y k ; ² MlNyhl; l Nthy; w ; w sT xd; w pd; fhl;bapd; Neu tpyfiyAk;> Nthy;w;wsT MlNyhl;l rkpf;iQ cr;rg; ngWkhdk; tpyfiyAk; juq; fzpg;ghu;. xd; w pd; gy; N tW ² MlNyhl; l Nthy; w ; w stpy;, il ² miyTf; fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp MlNyhl;l ngWkhdq;fis tu;f;f %yg; ngWkhdk; Nthy;w;wstpd; kPbwidAk; tPr;rj;ijAk; mstpLthu;. mstpLthu;. ² MlNyhl;l Nthy;w;wsitg; gy;khdpapdhy; mstpLk; ngWkhdj;jpw;Fk; tPr;rg; gUkDf;Fk;, ilNaahd njhlu;ig Njbf; nfhs;thu;. ² rkpf;iQ gpwg;ghf;fp ² Neuj; j pw; F Vw; g nfhs; s stp xd; i w 06 3.7 MlNyhl ; l Nthy;wwsT xd;iw> ; ² jilap> nfhs;sstp kw;Wk; J}z;b kpd;Ndw;wy; kw;Wk; kpd;dpwf;fkiljiy jilap> nfhs;sstp vd;gd MlNyhl;l Nthy;w;wstpw;Ff; gpuNahf uPjpahfg; gad;gLj;Jk;, lq;fisf; kw;Wk; J}z;b fhl;Lk; Jyq;fy; Fwpg;gpLthu;. vd;gtw;w;Wf;F ² nfhs;sstp k p d ; N d w ; w Y k ; ² jilap xd;Wf;F MlNyhl;l Nthy;wwsitg; ; ntt;Ntwhfg; kpd;dpwf;fKk; gpuNahfpf;Fk;NghJ ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij ² fhNeu khwpyp mtjhdpj;J Nthy;w;wsit miytbtpy; gpuNahfpf;Fk;NghJ msTj; jpl;lj;jpw;F tiuthu;. ghAk; kpd; N dhl; - lj;jpd; elj;ijia ² nfhs;sstp xd;wpw;F MlNyhl;l Nthy;w;wsnthd;iwg; gpuNahfpf;Fk; NghJ> Ma;e;jwpthu;. mjD}lhfg; ghAk; kpd; N dhl; l j; j pd; ; elj;ijia mtjhdpj;J Nthy;wwsT miy tbtk; kw;Wk; kpd;Ndhl;l miytbtk; vd;gtw;iw mstpilf;F mika tiuthu;. ² J}z;b xd;wpw;F MlNyhl;l Nthy;w;wsT xd;iwg; gpuNahfpf;Fk; NghJ mjD}lhfg; ghAk; kpd; N dhl; l j; j pd; elj; i jia mtjhdpj;J mjw;fhd Nthy;w;wsT miy tbtk; kw;Wk; kpd;Ndhl;l miy tbtk; vd;gtw;iw msTj; jpl;lj;jpw;F mika tiuthu;. 15 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs; 3.8 jil - nfhs;sstp> ² jil - nfhs;sstp kw;Wk; jil - ² jug; g l; l jilap> nfhs; s stp kw; W k; 06 jil - J}z;b J}z;b njhlupizg;Gr; Rw;Wf;fspd; J}z;bg; ngWkhdq;fis L.R.C khdpiag; njhlupizg;Gj; jlq;fy; gad;gLj;jp mstpLthu;. njhFjpA+lhfg; ² nfhs;sstp kw;Wk; J}z;bfspy; gag;igf; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; fzpg;gpLthu;. kw;wk; Nthy;w;- ² mstplg;gl;l ngWkhdq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp xt; n thU njhFjpapdJk; jlq; f iy wsitg; gad;gLj;jp fzpg;gPL nra;thu;. 'jlq;fiyf;" ² xt;nthU njhFjpfspD}lhfTk; ghAk; fzpg;gPL nra;thu;. kpd;Ndhl;lk; kw;Wk; toq;fy; Nthy;w;wsTfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; fzf;fpl;l jlq;fy; ngWkhdj;ij NkNy ngwg;gl;l jlq;fYld; xg;gpLthu;. ² Xutj; i j kw; W k; % mtj; i jj; ² % mtj;ijj; njhFjpapd; 08 njhFjpfspy; Neuj; j pw; F Vw; g ; Nthy;wwsTfSf;F, ilNaahd mtj;ij MlNyhl;l Nthy;w;wsT khWgLk;. NtWghLfis tpsf;Fthu;. ² Xutj; i j kw; W k; % mtj; i j ² gpujhd tY tpepNahf epiykhw;wpapd; Kjw; RUs; kw; W k; Jizr; RUs; njhFjpfspd; mtj;ij tupg;glk;, izf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;ij tupg;glj;jpd; ² % mtj;ij njhFjpapd; %yk; fhl;Lthu;. cLj;njhLg;G kw;Wk; nly;lh njhLg;G ² cL, izg;G kw;Wk; nly;lh, izg;Gj; ² cLj;njhLg;G kw;Wk; nly;lh njhFjpfspd; Nfhl;L (top) Nthy;w;wsT njhLg;Gj; njhFjpapd; tY Nfhl; L (top) kpd; N dhl; l k; > mtj; i j Nthy; w ; w sT mtj; i j kpd; N dhl; l k; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLthu;. ² cL, izg;Gj; njhFjp kw;Wk; nly;lh, izg;Gj; njhFjp vd;gtw;wpy; tYtpw;fhd Nfhitfis vOjpf;fhl;Lthu;. ² njhopw;rhiyfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w kpd; cgfuzq;fspy; cL, izg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; nly;lh, izg;Gf;fs; ; fhzg;gLfpd;w re;ju;ggq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;. 16 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs; 04 04 fl;ll 4.1 fl; l l epu; k hzpg; G ² Xu; tifg;gLj;jypw;Nfw;g ² epu;khzpg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jputpaq;fisg; 04 epu;khzpg;G eltbf;iffspy; -, aw;ifj; jputpaq;fs; ngaupLthu;. eltbf;iffspy; gad;gLj;Jk; - cw;gj;jpj; jputpaq;fs; ² epu; k hzpg; G eltbf; i ffspd; NghJ epak jputpaq;fis ², d;Ndhu; tifg;gLj;jypw;Nfw;g gad;gLj;jf;$ba jputpaq;fspd; ghlg;Gyj; tifg;gLj;Jthu;. - jpz;kj; jputpaq;fs;, ay;GfSf;F Vw;g> mtw;iwg; jfty;fis - fl;Lkhd jputpaq;fs; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f re;ju;g;gq;fisg; filgpbg;ghu;. - ghJfhg;G jputpaq;fs; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;. ² epu;khzpg;G eltbf;iffspy; gad;gLj;Jk; jputpaq;fspd;, ay;Gfs; - (rhjhuz) ngsjpf, ay;Gfs; - nghwpKiw, ay;Gfs; - ntg;g, ay;Gfs; -, urhad, ay;Gfs; 4.2 fl; l l epu; k hzpg; G ² fl;Lf; Nfhynkhd;wpy; fl;lg;gl;l kw;Wk; 04 ² fl;Lkhz tiffspd; Njitfs; fl; L f; N fhyj; j py; my; y hJ fl; l g; g l; l eltbf;iffspy; - ghupa gug;nghd;wpd; kPJ Vw;wpa gad;gLj;Jk; nrq;fw; Rtu;fs; kPJ Rik Vw;Wtjhy; Vw;gLk; Rikapd; gq;fPL tpisTfis tptupg;ghu;. fl; L khz tif- - gq;fPl;il nraw;gLj;Jifapy; fisg; ngaupl; L ² nghwpapaw; nrq;fy;nyhd;wpd; mstPLfis ftpT (Lap) epu;zapf;Fk; Kiwia tptupg;ghu;. vspa fl; L khz- ² nghwpapaw; nrq;fy; nkhd;iwf; fl;Lthu;. ² Rtu; %iynahd;wpYk; nrq;fy; J}z;nfhz;l ² msT fl;nlhd;wpy; nrq;fy; gug;Gk; Kiwiaf; ², ay;Gfs; fhl;Lk; vwpag;glq;fs; (Projections) tiuthu;. ² nrq;fw; fl;Lkhd tif ² Rtu; %iynahd; i wf; fspr; r he; j pdhy; ² ePbirf;fy; fl;Lkhdk; fl;Lthu;. ² jiyf;fy; fl;Lkhdk; ² Mq;fpyf; fl;Lkhdk; ² gpNykpR fl;Lkhdk; (xw;iw /, ul;il) 17 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs; 4.3 fl;Lkhd eltbf;- ² fl; L khd eltbf; i ffSf; n fd ² cilgUq; f y; i y gad; g Lj; j p rpwpa 06 iffSf;nfd cilfy; gad;ghL fl;nlhd;iwf; fl;Lthu;. - msT ² mupfw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Rtu;%iy xd;iw P ; cilfy;> nfhq;fwW - epyj;jpw;F fPohd NtiyfSf;fhf mupfy; > rP n ke; J fspr;rhe;jpdhy; fl;Lthu;. - Rtu;fis epiy nfhs;Sjy; mupfy; Mfpatw;wpd; - cyu; fl;LNtiy (rhe;J, d;wp) gad;-ghl;il tpsf;fp - cilf;fy;yhy; fl;Ljy; vsp-ikahd ² fl;Lkhd eltbf;iffSf;fhf fl;nlhd;iw nfhq;fpwPw;W mupfy;> rPnke;J mikg;ghu;. mupfy; gad;ghL - msT -, izg;G Kiw - JisAila> Jisaw;w mupfy; ²nfhq; f pwP w ; w pw; f hfg; gad; g Lj; J k; ² nfhq;fpwPw;fspy; mlq;fpAs;s $Wfspd; 06 4.4 f l ; llepu ; k h z jputpaq;fs;, ay;Gfis tptupg;ghu;. eltbf;iffspy; - fl;Lkhdj; jputpaq;fs; - Ez;zpa jpus;fs; ² gy;NtW NjitfSf;F Vw;g nfhq;fpwPw;Wf; nfhq;fpwpw;Wg; gad;- - jpus;fs; fyitapd; tpfpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;. ghl; i l tpgupj; J - eP&w;Wk; fhuzp ² nfz;b yptupw;fhd tYT+l;liy vspikahd nfhq;- - gad; g Lj; J k; jputpaq; f spd; epiyg;gLj;Jk; Kiwia tupg;glk; %yk; fpwPw;W jl;nlhd;iw, ay;Gfs; fhl;Lthu;. Mf;Fthu;. ²gy;NtW nfhq;fpwPw;W ² tYT+l;ly;, uz;il, izf;Fk; Kiwia fl;likg;GfSf;fhf tupg;glk; %yk; fhl;Lthu;. - fyit tpfpjk; - jug;gLj;jg;gl;l fyitfs; ² gy;NtW epu;khzpg;Gf;fspd; fk;gpj;jlg;gl;b ² nfhq;fpwPw;W tYT+l;ly; (stirrups) gad;gLj;Jtij tptupg;ghu;. ² vspa jhq;fpfs; ² nfd;b yPtu; ² fk;gpj;jlg;gl;bg; gad;ghL (Stirrups) - tYT+l;lypw;fhd fhuzk; - tYT+l;Lk; Kiw - nfhq;fpwPw;W fyitaply; - fk;gp tisj;jy; - nfhq;fpwPw;W gug;GjYk; epiyg;gLj;jYk; 18 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs; 4.5 fl;blnkhd;wpd; ² fl;blnkhd;wpd; fl;likg;G ² fl;llq;fs; epu;khzpf;ifapNy mjd;kPJ 04 kPJ nrYj;Jk; - fl; l lnkhd; w pd; Rik jhq; F k; Rkj;jg;gLk; Rikfisg; gw;wp mtjhdpg;gpy; jputpaq;fs; Rtu;fs;> jiufs;> J}z;fs; kPjhd Rikfs; 4.6 vspa ² kuj;jpyhd $iuapd; gFjpfs; ² vspa $iu tifAk;> $iu tYr;rl;lg;gly; 04 $iunahd;wpd; - $iuapd; gFjpfSk; mtw; w pd; ( Roof Truss) g w ; wpaFwpg ; G f ; fisAk ; fl;likg;ig msTfSk; tpguq; f isAk; jpul; b Gj; j nkhd; i wr; - mt;tt; tiffSf;Fg; nra;thu;. tptupg;ghu;. gad;gLj;Jk; mupku tiffs; - $iu Nta; nghUs; ² $iu tiffs; - jl;ilahd $iu - rha;Tf; $iufs; ² $iu tYr;rl;lg;gly; (Truss) - Kf;Nfhz mikg;G - rhjfkhd Kiw - $iu tYr;rl;lg;gly; tif - kuk; - mluply; - cUf;F 19 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs; 4.7 f l ; b l j ; j p w ; f h d ² mj;jpthuk;, Ltjw;fhd Njit ² mj; j pthuj; j pd; gFjpfisg; ngaupl; L 06 mj; j pthuq; f spd; - fl; l lj; j pw; F, lg; g Lk; Rik mtw;wpd; mtrpaj;ij tptupg;ghu;. gfpu;e;J nry;tjw;fhf tiffis ² mj;jpthu tiffisAk; mtw;wpd; - rkkhd Nkw;wsnkhd;iwg; tpku;rpg;ghu;. ngWtjw;F tpNrlq;fisAk; tptupg;ghu;. - kz;zpw;W nrYj;Jk; Rikapd; ² gy; N tW tifahd mj; j pthuq; f spd; typikiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; NtWghLfis tupg;glq;fis Kd;itj;J -fl; l lnkhd; w pd; cWjpepiy tptupg;ghu;. epyj; j pd; fP o pUe; J ngw; W f; nfhs;sy; ² mj;jpthuj;jpd; gFjpfs; - mj;jpthuf; fplq;F (mfop) - %L nfhq;fpwPw;Wj; jl;L (Screed concrete) - mbgPlr; Rtu; (Plinth wall) - gpd; epug;Gjy; (Back Fill) - fPo; epug;Gjy; - ad;dy; mikg;gjw;fhd fhuzk; ² f j T > ad;dy; mikf;ifapy; 04 fjT> ad;dy; - Eiotij fl;Lg;gLj;Jj;J- NjitfisAk; msTfisAk; tpsf;Fthu;. r l ; l q ; f i s tjw;fhf ² fjT> ad;dy;> rl;lq;fSf;F %bfis - xspia toq;Ftjw;fhf, izf; F k; Kiwia tupg; g lk; %yk; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; - tspia ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf tptupg;ghu;. nrYj;Jthu;. - jPapypUe;J ghJfhg;gjw;fhf ² fjT ad;dy; rl;lq;fspd; $Wfs; - jiy (Head) - fk; g k; (Jambo) - epiyr; r l; l k; (Threshod) - epiygb (Sill) - tpl;lf;fy; / ghTgb - tpjhdj; jthspg;Gf;fSk; khy;fs; (moulding) nghWj;Jk; Kiwfs; ² Rtu;fis Neu;j;jpahf;Fk; nray;Kiwfis 4.9 f l ; b l q ; f s p y ; ² Rtu;fis Neu;j;jpahf;fy; tptupg;ghu;. 04 - fhiuaply; (Plastering) gad;gLj;Jk; Kbg;G - fhiuaply; fyit (Plaste mixes) ² tPl;Lj;jsq;fis Neu;j;jpahf;Fk; Kiwfis (Finish- nray;Kiwfis tptupg;ghu;. - fhiuaplr; nra; j y; (Applications) ing) tptupg;ghu;. ² jsj;ij Neu;j;jpahf;fy; ² epwg; G +r; R G+Rk; N ghJ gpd; g w; w Ntz; b a nray;Kiw El;gq;fis tptupg;ghu;. - kf; N fw; W jy; (Rendering) - %L nfhq; f pwP w ; W (Screeds) ² ad; d y; > fjTfs; (kuk; / cNyhfk;) ; Neu;jjpahf;Fk; nray;Kiwfis tptupg;ghu;. - fyit (mixes) ² kuk; > cNyhfk; > Rtu; > tP l ; L j; j sk; - Neu; j ; j pahf; f y; (Applications) Nghd;wtw;wpd; Nkw;wsj;jpw;F nghUj;jkhd ² epwg;G+r;rply; mbg; g ilg; G+r; R tiffisg; gw; w p - Rtu; Nkw;wsj;ij jahu; nra;jy; gl;banyhd;iwj; jahupg;ghu;. - mbg;gil epwg;G+r;rply; - Neu;j;jpahf;fspd; cs;> ntspj;jsq;fs; 21 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs; 4.10 fl;blq;fs; ² fl;blq;fs; epu;khzpf;ifapy; ² fl;ll epu;khzpg;G njhlu;ghd 04 epu;khzpf;ifapy; rl;ljpl;lq;fs; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; rl;ljpl;lq;fSld; ghlrhiyapy; Njitfs; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;s fl;llq;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; mj;NjitfSld; ve;j msTf;Fg; - ghJfhg;G rl;lG+u;tkhd - Rfhjhuk; nghUe;Jfpd;wJ vdg; guprPypj;Jg; ghu;g;ghu;. epiyikfis - eyd;Gup tpsf;Fthu;. ² Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd rl;luPjpahd tplaq;fs; - tPjp Nuif - fhw;Nwhl;lj; jpir - fhw;Nwhl;lKk; ntspr;rKk; (Ven- tilation and Lighting) - miwfspd; msTfs; (eP s k; > mfyk;> cauk;) - tbtha;f;fhy; - cs;@uhl;rp kd;wj;jpdJ jifikr;rhd;wpjo; 04 ² fl;bl epu;khzpf;ifapy; Njitahd 4.11 epu;khzpg;G tplaq;fs; ² epu; k hzpg; G j; J iwapy; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; Ntiyj;jsnkhd;wpy; - Njhz;Ljy; (mfo;jy;) Excavation, ae;jpuhjpfspdhy; nra;ag;gLk; gad;gLj;Jk; - ghuk; Vw;Wjy; Loading Ntiyfisg; gw;wp tptupg;ghu;, ae;jpu -, W f ; F j y ; Compaction cgfuzq;fs; - jug; g Lj; j y; Grading - Jisj; j y; Drilling gw;wpf; Nfl;lwpthu;. - CJjy; Blasting - cau; j ; J jy; Lifting - epWTif Erecting - fyj; j y; Mixing - ghTjy; Paving ² NtiyfSf; f hfg; gad; g Lj; J k;, ae;jpuhjpfs; - kpd;dpay;, ae;jpuk; - NtW, ae;jpuq;fs; 22 myF ; Nju;rrp Nju;r;rpkl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww;NgW ghlNtis 05 05 cw;gj;jp 5'1 Mf;fk; xd;wpd; ² juk; njhlu;ghfj; jhf;fk; jpl;l mwpTWj;jy;fs;> epge;jidfisg; 02 eltbf;iffspd; juj;jpidg; nrYj;jg;gLk; fhuzpfs; gpd;gw;Wthu;. NghJ njhopy; NgZtjw;Fj; ² nghUj;jkhd nghUl;fs; juj;jpidg; NgZtjw;F Maj;j El;gtpaypw;F Njitahd ² xj;Jg;NghFk; cgfuzk; epiyapid ntspf;fhl;Lthu;. cupathW fhuzpfis ² rupahd El;gKiw nghUl;fs; > El;g tpsf;Fthu;. tptuf;$w;Wf;Fg; nghUe;jf;$ba Kiwfisj; jd;ik njupT nra;thu; 5:2 cw;gj;jp ve;jputpay;; rhu;e;j nghUl;fs; nghUl;fis tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;. Mf;fnkhd;wpw;Fg; cNyhfk; cNyhfky;yhj mt;tg; nghUl;fSf;F cupj;jhd 06 nghUj;jkhd cNyhfk; - ngu ;, ay;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;. nghUl;fisj; njupT ngu ; my;yhj Kbg;nghd;iwr; nra;Ak;NghJ nra;tjpy; Rj;jkhd cNyhfk; nghUj;jkhd nghUl;fisj; njupT Mu;tq;fhl;Lthu;. (fyg;gpy;yhj cNyhfk;) nra;Jnfhs;thu;. fyg;GNyhfk;, aw;if my;Nyhfk; kuk;>, wg;gu> fy; nraw;if my;Nyhfk; nraw;if, wg;gu;> gpsh ;bf; tif. ² nghUl;fspd;, ay;Gfs;. ² ngsjpf, ay;Gfs; (Physical Properties) - mlu;j;jp - (Density) - Nkw;gug;gpYtpir- (Surface tension) - ghFepiy - (Viscocity) - cUFepiy (Melting Point) - nfhjpepiy (Boiling Point) 23 myF ; Nju;rrp Nju;r;rpkl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww;NgW ghlNtis ², urhad, ay;Gfs; (Chemical Properties) - xl;irl;Lg; gbAk; vjpu;g;Gj; jd;ik (Corrosion Resistance) -, urhad nraw;ghl;bw;F vjpuhd (Chemical Inertness) ² kpd; kw;Wk; fhe;jtpay;G (Electrical & Magnetic Properties) - jil (Resistance) - flj;Jjpwd; (Conductivity) - fhe;jg;gha mlu;;j;jp (Magnetic Flux Density) ² nghwpKiw, ay;G (Mechanical Properties) -, OgLe;jd;ik (Ductility) - nkd;wflhFe;jd;ik (Melleability) - td;ik (Hardness) - typik (Toughness) - vspjpy; nehUq;Fjd;ik (Brittleness) - kPs;jd;ik (Elasticity) 5'3 Mf;fk; ² ifapdhy;, af;Fk; cgfuzq;fs;. ² c w ; g j ; j p r ; nrad;Kiwapd;NghJ 06 nra;Ak;NghJ ² msf;Fk; milahskpLk; gad;gLj;jf;$ba fUtpfisAk; nghj;jkhd fUtp cgfuzq;fs; cgfuzq;fisAk; Ntwhf;fpf; fhl;Lthu;. cgfuzq;fisg; ² ntl;Lk; cgfuzk;. ² xNutifahd cgfuzq;fspilNa ghJfhg;ghf gy;tifik cs;sd vd;gij ² JisapLk; cgfuzq;fs; gad;gLj;Jthu;. Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu; ² rPTk; kw;Wk; Nja;f;Fk; cgfuzq;fs; ² nghUj;jkhd fUtpfs; cgfuzq;fisj; ² Neu;j;jpahf;Fk; cgfuzk; njupT nra;tjw;F Kaw;rpg;ghu;. 24 myF ; Nju;rrp Nju;r;rpkl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww;NgW ghlNtis ² tY cgfuzq;fs; (Power tools) ² cupa Neuj;jpy; fUtpfisAk; - cNyhfkupAk; ths; cgfuzq;fisAk; guhkupg;gjw;F Kaw;rpg;ghu;. - JisapLk; nghwpfs;. ² jpl;lnkhd;wpw;F mika jbg;ghd - filr;ry;, ae;jpuk; fdkhd cNyhfj; Jz;nlhd;wpdhy; (Lathe Machine) Mf;fnkhd;iwj; jahupg;ghu;. - miwf;Fk;, ae;jpuk; (Grinder) - tbtikf;Fk;, ae;jpuk; (Shaping Machine) - Jisj;jy;, ae;jpuk; (Boaring Machine) ² njupT nra;jy;. ² tpguf;$w;W ² nray;fs; ² guhkupj;jy; ² cuha;T ePf;fy; ² FspNuw;wy;. ² nghwpapd;, af;fNtfk;. ² rPu;nra;jy;. ² Nja;e;JNghd ghfq;fis khw;Wjy;. ² cUtikj;jy; (tbtikj;jy;) ² gy;NtW Mf;fq;fisr; nra;Ak;NghJ 5'4 Mf;fnkhd;iwr; 06 (Forming) gy;NtW tbtq;fisAila nra;Ak;NghJ ghfq;fs; Njitg;gLfpwJ vdgijf; cupa gFjpfis - Fspu; tbtikj;jy; fhl;bf ;nfhLg;ghu;. tbtikf;Fk; - nrt; tbtikj;jy;. ² tbtikf;Fk;NghJ nghUj;jkhd El;g Kiwfisg; ² tbtikf;Fk; El;gKiwfs;. Kiwiaj; njupt nra;thu;. gad;gLj;Jthu;. - kbj;jy;> tisj;jy; ² Njitahd rupahd tbtj;ijg; - KWf;Fjy;; ngWk; tifapy; tbtikj;jiyr; nra;thu;. 25 myF ; Nju;rrp Nju;r;rpkl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww;NgW ghlNtis - jfu;j;jy; - RUl;Ljy;. - nehUf;Fjy; - ghfq;fis mfw;Wjy;. - fk;khiy Ntiy. ² tbtikg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd, ay;G - fzpFjd;ik (Plasticity) - nkd;wflhf;Fe;jd;ik - vspjpy; cUFjd;ik ² tbtikg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd gjk; - tY - mKf;fk; - ntg;gepiy - tpuptiljy; - FspuilAk; Ntfk;. ² tbtkhf;fy; nra;Ak;NghJ ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sNtz;ba tplaq;fs;. ² tpuptilAk; tpLntsp ² Neu;j;jpahf;fYf;fhd tpLntsp 5'5nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ ² ghJfhg;G ² ghJfhg;G eilKiwfisAk; 04 - jdpegu; mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; gpd;gw;Wthu;. ghJg;Gg; gw;wp - nghUs; ² ghJfhg;ghf Ntiyfis epiwNtw;Wthu;. ftdk;